We don’t need anything like Dialogue or Referendum but we need to transfer back our Administration that Dutch transfer Colony of West Papua New Guinea to the United Nations since October 1st, 1962 then transfer …
From 1950 until October 1962, West Papua was on the UN General As-sembly’s list of non self-governing territories. It had in fact been inscribed on that list by the Dutch, who, as the administering power, …
By Emma Kluge, University of Sydney PhD Candidate This photo was taken on 31 December 1962 by the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA). It depicts the raising of an Indonesian flag alongside a …
By Andrew Johnson Since 2004, a number of university papers have raised the question of genocide in the Pacific territory of West Papua administrated by Indonesia subsequent to a 1962 United Nations General Assembly vote …
HRH Prince Andrew (Duke of York) recently visited West Papua as part of his role as Special Representative for Trade and Investment. Before British Petroleum (BP) get out from West Papua, so Prince Andrew must …
We don’t need anything like Dialogue or Referendum but we need to transfer back our Administration that Dutch transfer Colony of West Papua New Guinea to the United Nations since October 1st, 1962 then transfer it to the Republic of Indonesia in May 1st, 1963.
West Papua is a Non Self Governing Territory by UN Resolution 448 so according to the United Nations Charter Article 73e must be granted Independent but the Mining of Freeport McMoran made the process of Decolonization of West Papua New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea were failed.
Protest Against Colonialism of Indonesia by Indigenous Papuans
From 1950 until October 1962, West Papua was on the UN General As-sembly’s list of non self-governing territories. It had in fact been inscribed on that list by the Dutch, who, as the administering power, had also sub-mitted annual progress reports to the UN on conditions and develop-ments within the territory. Beginning in 1959, elected regional councils were set up with the aim of introducing democratization at both local and regional levels. Internal documents from the period indicate that the Dutch planned to establish an independent West Papuan state by 1970. Beginning in 1959, elected regional councils were set up with the aim of introducing democratization at both local and regional levels. At the same time efforts were made also to ‘Papuanise’ the administration so that a sufficient number of local people would be trained to take over once the Dutch had finally left. In short, one could argue that from the late 1950’s at least the Dutch were attempting to pursue a, rather belated, policy of genuine de-colonisation.
However, West Papua’s journey towards independence faced a major stumbling block in the form of Indonesia and its leader President Sukar-no. Sukarno’s argument was that Indonesia had sovereignty over all ter-ritories of the Dutch East Indies Empire – and that included West Papua. The Dutch response was that they had only administered West Papua as part of the East Indies because their minimal presence there did not warrant a separate colonial administration. More importantly, the Dutch argued that the vast majority of West Papuans were Melanesian and ethnically and culturally completely different to the Asian Indonesians. Their natural links lay instead with Australian New Guinea and the rest of Melanesia.
In September 1961, as Indonesian pressure grew, the Dutch presented the “Luns Plan”, to the UN General Assembly to resolve the dispute. They proposed to hand the territory over to a UN administration that would remain until the population was considered ready to exercise their right to self-determination. In the end, although most member states voted for the plan, it did not get the required two-thirds majority by the General Assembly to be passed.
Bolstered by political support and massive arms shipments from the So-viet Union, the United States and some European countries, Indonesia threatened war. Alarmed at this growing Soviet influence in a SE Asian country, the United States concluded that the best solution was for Su-karno to get his way. President Kennedy therefore put increasing pressure on the Netherlands to negotiate with Indonesia. When it became clear that neither the US, Australia nor Britain intended to offer military sup-port to the Netherlands in the event of a war over West Papua, the Dutch reluctantly agreed to sign the August 1962 New York Agreement with Jakarta.
The New York agreement was signed by the Netherlands and Indonesia regarding the administration of the territory of West New Guinea. The first part of the agreement proposes that the United Nations assume administration of the territory, and a second part proposes a set of social conditions that will be provided if the United Nations exercises a discretion proposed in article 12 of the agreement to allow Indonesian occupation and administration of the territory. Negotiated during meetings hosted by the United States, the agreement was signed on 15 August 1962 at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.
The agreement was added to the agenda of the 1962 United Nations General Assembly and precipitated General Assembly resolution 1752 (XVII) granting the United Nations authority to occupy and administrate West New Guinea. Although agreements are not able to negate obligations defined in the Charter of the United Nations, and the agreement asserted that it was for the benefit of the people of the territory, some people believed that the agreement was sacrificing the people of the territory for benefit of the foreign powers. A United States Department of State summary from 1962 asserts the “agreement was almost a total victory for Indonesia and a defeat for the Netherlands”, that the United States “Bureau of European Affairs was sympathetic to the Dutch view that annexation by Indonesia would simply trade white for brown colonialism”, and that “The underlying reason that the Kennedy administration pressed the Netherlands to accept this agreement was that it believed that Cold War considerations of preventing Indonesia from going Communist overrode the Dutch case.”
U.N. and Indonesian Flags Raised in West New Guinea (West Irian) At an impressive ceremony held here today at the residence of the UNTEA Administrator, Dr. Djalal Abdoh, the Indonesian flag was raised side by side with the United Nations flag. A view of the grounds during the ceremony. Presenting arms are members of an Indonesian detachment (at left) and a unit of the Pakistani contingent (r.) of the U.N. Security Force (UNSF). 31 December 1962 Hollandia, West New Guinea UN Photo
By Emma Kluge, University of Sydney PhD Candidate
West Papua Flag of Morning Star and Dutch Flag in the Demonstration Against Indonesia Colonialism.
This photo was taken on 31 December 1962 by the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA). It depicts the raising of an Indonesian flag alongside a United Nations flag in the territory that was then known as West Irian, but local inhabitants call West Papua. Just over a year earlier on 1 December 1961, a similar ceremony had taken place: the West Papuan ‘Morning Star’ flag had been hoisted with the Dutch flag to symbolize its future independence from Dutch colonial rule; West Papuans used the flag to represent their nationhood to the world – translating their desires for freedom and self-government into a form legible to the world and to the UN.
Ceremonial Independent Day of West Papua in Manokwari Regency on December 1, 1961
These ceremonies signal how dramatically this territory’s fate had changed in just over a year. In this case the 1962 photograph featuring the UN and its flag hid an earlier attempt by West Papuans to gain UN recognition. In October 1961, a council of West Papuans had chosen the Morning Star flag to galvanize national feelings and express a unique Papuan identity. The 1961 flag-raising ceremony took place a few months later in December, signalling the efforts by a local community to stake a claim to independence in fulfillment of article 73 of the UN Charter relating to Non Self-Governing Territories. The West Papuan council declared the flag-raising day a public holiday and made an international statement calling on the world to support Papuan self-determination. The Dutch flag still flew alongside the West Papuan flag, marking Dutch support for West Papuan self-government, but also an unwillingness to relinquish the colonized territory. This was a moment of hope, but hope deferred.
While Indonesia had gained independence from the Dutch in 1949, the future of Dutch New Guinea (West Papua) had been left unresolved. The Dutch had argued it was a separate territory and not part of Indonesia. The Indonesian nationalists were divided over this issue, some arguing West Papua was separate while others claiming the Indonesian Republic should be the successor to all the Dutch colonies. Papuan nationalists were not given the opportunity in these earlier disputes to represent themselves.
Although West Papuans had been part of the administration of their territory, they were excluded from the negotiations between the Netherlands and Indonesia even when they resumed in 1961. Papuan leaders chafed at their exclusion from these discussions. Nicholas Jouwe, an elected member of the New Guinea Council and prominent Papuan leader, declared “Indonesia must recognise our right to live as an independent people”. Eliezer Bonay, a prominent politician and leader of the West Papua National Party (Parna), proposed a tripartite conference of Dutch, Indonesian and Papuan delegations to recognize West Papuans’ right to independence (South Pacific Post, Nov 3, 1961).
However, no such tripartite negotiations ever occurred. In August 1962, the US-led New York agreement was struck between the Netherlands and Indonesia: the Dutch would leave Papua, the United Nations would take over temporary control and then Indonesia would administer the territory until the West Papuans could participate in a vote of self-determination – deciding whether or not to be incorporated into the Indonesian Republic. Papuan leaders were dissatisfied with this outcome and continued to fight for an immediate plebiscite to be conducted under UN supervision.
Agreement Between Netherlands and Indonesia signed in UN Headquarter New York on August 15th, 1962. Doc. John Anari
The New York agreement that led to the moment pictured elided this history of exclusion. In October 1962, the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) took command. The raising of the Indonesian flag alongside the UN flag in December became an outward symbol demonstrating the UN’s commitment to the transfer of the territory to the Indonesian administration, regardless of whether the New York agreement was honored.
The events of 1962 suggest that the Indonesian government had conducted a successful international campaign to subdue opposition to its control and gain support for its anti-colonial platform against the Dutch. Around the same time as the flag-raising ceremony, West Papua was taken off the list of Non Self-Governing Territories. Unlike the Dutch, who were considered a colonial power, the future Indonesian administration was not legally obligated to prepare the territory for self-government and report on its progress. While the Indonesian government proclaimed this as a moment of West Papuan liberation, for Papuans this was the beginning of a new regime of colonization. Once the UNTEA was gone programs of transmigration and ‘Indonesianization’ began – Papuan government officials were replaced, Indonesian language was enforced in schools and West Papuan political and cultural expression, such as the use of the Morning Star flag, was banned.
From an international perspective, however, Indonesia’s control of the territory was not yet solidified. The New York agreement foresaw a plebiscite to allow for West Papuan self-determination. By the time the UN-supervised ‘Act of Free Choice’ was held in 1969, Indonesia had made it clear it would only accept one outcome – the incorporation of West Papua into Indonesia. Indonesia negotiated the terms of the vote so only 1,022 representatives participated. The Indonesian government claimed West Papuans were too primitive to take part in regular elections and argued for the Indonesian method of musyawarah, in which a representative voted for their area and an outcome was decided through consultation.
During this time, West Papuans wrote to the United Nations seeking their intervention into this situation – pleading for all adult West Papuans to be allowed to vote and asking for UN intercession to allow for freedom of political expression and political organisation. They explained the Indonesian system was not in line with their practises and they wished to participate in a democratic and fair vote. Leader Markus Kaisiepo even submitted a draft ballot paper for enabling illiterate Papuans to vote.
In anticipation of the struggle at the UN General Assembly, Papuan leader Nicholas Jouwe organised tours around Africa to try and gain the support of leaders from independent African nations. While there was support for West Papuan independence from African leaders, Indonesia’s prominence in the Afro-Asian solidarity movement made it difficult for these nations to openly oppose their regimes. Prominent anti-colonial advocates such as India backed Indonesia by reshaping the debate as an issue of Indonesian national unity rather than West Papuan self-determination.
An Indonesian security officer beats protester at Manokwari in August 1969 during the period when Indonesia held Act of Free Choice (AOFC) in West New Guinea
Many African states were unwilling to back the Act as they believed it might undermine future decolonisation and lead to European colonists conducting similar ‘Acts’ in order to avoid or delay decolonisation. The UN ambassador for Togo spoke out against Indonesia’s portrayal of Papuan ‘primitiveness’ as an inadequate excuse for denying a people self-determination and against the UNGA’s earlier resolutions. The ambassador from Ghana suggested the entire population should be allowed to vote in an open and fair plebiscite in 1975 to ensure true self-determination was allowed. African leaders highlighted the hypocrisy of establishing the non-aligned movement with the explicit aim of opposing colonialism and then allowing Indonesia to set up colonial-style rule in West Papua.
Every peoples could vote in the election of New Guinea Council on April 5, 1961 but the Vote in Referendum 1969 only by 1025 representatives who was chose by Indonesia Military.
Referendum Participants from Jayawijaya Regency where given Indonesian flagged uniforms.
Eventually in November 1969, after debates over the Act’s legality, the UN General Assembly voted 84 to 0 to acknowledge the ‘Act’ with no amendments. There were 30 abstentions – 24 from African nations and the rest from Latin American states. Ultimately, the maintenance of peace and good diplomatic relations with Indonesia and its supporters won out. As the African leaders feared, this signalled a shift in the United Nations’ approach to decolonization. Historian Tracey Banivanua Mar has argued that this moment ‘solidified the departure of the United Nations programme for decolonization from many Indigenous Peoples’ own aspirations’ (Banivanua Mar 2016, 150).
Each year, around the world, West Papuans gather on December 1 to raise the Morning Star flag – demonstrating their continuing commitment to West Papuan self-government. Often, these ceremonies are met with state-sponsored violence and flags swiftly removed. While the Indonesian flag continues to fly over the territory, many Papuans refuse to accept its rule until another vote is held and Papuans can participate in a democratic and fair vote for self-determination.
Further reading
Banivanua Mar, Tracey. 2016. Decolonisation and the Pacific: Indigenous Globalisation and the Ends of Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Drooglever, Pieter. Trans. Theresa Stanton, Maria van Yperen & Marjolijn de Jager. 2009. An Act of Free Choice: Decolonization and the Right to Self-Determination in West Papua. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
Saltford, John. 2003. The United Nations and the Indonesian Takeover of West Papua, 1962-1969: The Anatomy of Betrayal. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
West Papuan speaker John Anari … silenced at a General Assembly forum discussing indigenous self-determination issues. Image: UNwebcast/PMC screenshot
By Andrew Johnson
Since 2004, a number of university papers have raised the question of genocide in the Pacific territory of West Papua administrated by Indonesia subsequent to a 1962 United Nations General Assembly vote to occupy the colony in defiance of the territory’s objections.
Although the United Nations claims to be opposed to genocide, it was was quick last week to silence a speaker at a General Assembly forum concerning self-determination.
The speaker, John Anari, ambassador for the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) was stating that West Papua was under a UN-appointed occupation and that the UN had a legal obligation under article 85 part 2 of its charter to place the issue of the UN occupation authorised in 1962 by General Assembly resolution 1752 on the agenda of the UN Trusteeship Council.
The moderator interrupted Anari and then when he tried to raise the issue again, she cut him short and went on to the next speaker.
This is not the first time the UN has censored information and requests about West Papua.
The same request was stated clearly at the 2016 Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (PFII), yet the forum made no mention of the request in its report to the UN Economic and Social Council, which has the power to place issues on the agenda of the Trusteeship Council.
This year, in addition to again presenting West Papua’s request to the PFII, Anari was making use of an invitation from the President of the General Assembly to attend a forum concerning indigenous self-determination when the forum’s moderator tried to silence him.
Anari resumed asserting his request for the UN to comply with its charter obligations and acknowledge its responsibility for the consequences of the General Assembly authorisation of UN military occupation in Papua.
There may be additional opportunities this week for the United Nations to live up to its charter and the promise of advancing human rights, but if the past week and years are any indication the prospects are not good.
Andrew Johnson is a 20-year veteran with the Australia West Papua Association, specialising in historical research and analysis.
UN webcast of the ‘shutdown’ of John Anari speaking at the UN General Assembly on April 25. Source: ULFWP
HRH Prince Andrew (Duke of York) recently visited West Papua as part of his role as Special Representative for Trade and Investment.
Before British Petroleum (BP) get out from West Papua, so Prince Andrew must change UK Foreign Policy that support Colonialism of Indonesia in West Papua Island.
Special Operation is the one organization in KOSTRAD (Komando Strategy Angkatan Darat) or Strategy Commando of Indonesia Military. It was built by Brigade General Ali Murtopo at year 1963. He is the one of the Indonesia’s Intelegent and also the member of Soeharto(Ex. President Indonesia) and Sujono humardani. This organization was established for expansion area of Indonesia to Serawak (now is East Malasyia). But after succesed expansion to West Papua Nation that had proclamation by the facto at 1rd December 1961. But because still some trouble about Indigenous People over there, so this organitation come to West Papua island.
Some Special Operation that done in West Papua island is burned the document about West Papua Nation who was hided by West Papuan, terror Indigenous People in West Papua, Intimidation Papuan, Jailed people, and also killed every West Papuan Indigenous who decline and Againts Indonesia Government. Because of this Operation finally Indonesia Government could be the winner of Act of Free Choice (referendum) at year 1969 because Papuan representatives was chosed by Indonesia Goverment and they put representative in Dewan Musyawarah PEPERA (Consultation Parlement of Self Determination). But if we look at the law and justice, so the referendum was took in West Papua is ILLEGAL or not legal because it was done by representatives (no one man one voice) like International Law for an referendum in one region. This is the total representative of referendum is 1026 people from 800,000 soul.
Ali Murtopo sayed in Act of Free Choice (Selft Determination) : We don’t need you Papuan, we just need your Land and Natural Resources. If you want to get independent, so ask USA took you to the moon.
See the table of the representatives and the total peoples of West Papua at year 1969 :
No.
Region / County
Total People
Representatives
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Merauke
Jayawijaya
Paniai
Fak-fak
Sorong
Manokwari
Teluk Cenderawasih
Jayapura
144,171
165,000
156,000
43,187
75,474
49,974
91,870
83,750
175 peoples
175 people
175 people
75 people
110 people
75 people
131 people
110 people
The Total People
809,326 Peoples / soul
1026 Peoples / Soul
This organization does not active in Act of Free Choice but also in General Election of Indonesia at year 1971 and after that. This body also playing in arranged the Politic Partys after year 1971 and then was stop at year 1974.
Indonesia statement full manipulation so they can’t debate with John Anari as the Chairman of West Papua Liberation Organization and the ULMWP Permanent Mission to the United Nations.
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Pulau New Guinea adalah Pulau terbesar kedua di Dunia setelah Pulau Greenland. New Guinea diduduki Belanda, Jerman dan Inggris pada tanggal 24 Agustus 1828 melalui Perjanjian London di Inggris. Pulau ini sebelumnya dikuasai oleh Kesultanan Tidore dengan menyebutnya Papua (Arab: Babu/Budak) tetapi tidak ada Pemerintahan Aktif di sana. Bagian Barat New Guinea dikuasai Belanda berdasarkan klaim Wilayah Kesultanan Tidore dengan menyebutnya Netherlands New Guinea, sedangkan di bagian Timur dibagi dua oleh Jerman dan Inggris, Jerman menduduki bagian Utara lalu menyebutnya Jerman New Guinea. Inggris menduduki bagian Selatan dengan menyebutnya British Papua. Namun setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia Pertama tahun 1919 maka seluruh Wilayah Jerman menjadi milik Inggris akibat kekalahan dalam Perang tersebut sehingga Inggris menyebutnya Papua New Guinea. Setelah Perang Dunia I, Liga Bangsa Bangsa (LBB) dibentuk namun masih terus terjadi perebutan wilayah Jajahan maka muncul lagi Perang Dunia II dari 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 maka dibentuknya Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa (PBB) untuk menciptakan Perdamaian Dunia dan Pemberian Kemerdekaan bagi wilayah-wilayah Jajahan seluruh Dunia yang diatur dalam Piagam PBB Pasal 73e. Setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia II tahun 1945, Inggris dan Belanda mendaftarkan Wilayah Koloninya (Papua New Guinea dan Netherlands New Guinea) ke dalam Daftar Wilayah Dekolonisasi PBB (UN Non Self Governing Territories) agar kedua wilayah ini dipersiapkan memiliki Pemerintahan Sendiri (Self Government), tidak berada dibawah Administrasi Penjajah. Atau kedua wilayah ini tidak lagi memiliki Status Quo (Status Hukum yang tidak Jelas) karena telah bebas dari Penjajahan manapun di muka Bumi ini. Papua New Guinea dimasukan sebagai wilayah jajahan dibawah administrasi Inggris tanggal 1 Juli 1949 dan dimemerdekakan tanggal 16 September 1975. Sedangkan Netherlands New Guinea diakui dibawah administrasi jajahan Belanda tanggal 29 Desember 1949 melalui Perjanjian dalam Konferensi Meja Bundar (KMB) di Den Haag. Netherlands New Guinea secara resmi dimasukan ke Daftar Dekolonisasi PBB pada 12 Desember 1950 melalui Resolusi PBB No. 448 dan dimemerdekakan Belanda tanggal 1 Desember 1961 namun akibat konspirasi Penguasaan Tambang Logam-logam berharga yang menyebabkan Status Quo West Papua tetap dipertahankan Penjajah Indonesia, selengkapnya dijelaskan dalam tulisan berjudul “Status Quo West Papua”.
Introduction :
Pulau New Guinea merupakan lempeng Benua Sahul yang membentuk Australia, Aru, Halmahera, Tasmania, Bismarck Island, Solomon Island, Vanuatu, New Caledonia dan Fiji. Lempeng Benua ini terlepas dari Afrika Timur sekitar 240 juta tahun lalu akibat pergerakan Magma dalam perut bumi. Lempeng Benua ini terlepas ke arah timur bertumbukan dengan Lempeng Benua Pacific membentuk Gugusan Pegunungan dari Raja Ampat, Pegunungan Tambrauw, Pegunungan Arfak, Pegunungan Tengah terus sampai Samarai di ujung Papua New Guinea. Proses pengangkatan ini mengakibatkan terhubungnya Pulau New Guinea dan Australia sekitar 50,000 tahun lalu. Terhubungnya Australia dan New Guinea mengakibatkan terjadinya perpindahan (Migration) Manusia dan Hewan dari arah Australia menempati Wilayah ini. Hal tersebut dapat dibuktikan dengan kesamaan Hewan Cassowary dan Kangaroo yang berada di Australia dan Pulau New Guinea, selain itu Manusianya pun sama berumpun Negroid yang dikenal dengan sebutan Negroid Melanesia. Suku-suku bermigrasi menempati Wilayah New Guinea masing-masing menurut Bahasanya sendiri. Sekitar 5000 tahun yang lalu, terjadi penaikan air laut akibat kenaikan Suhu Bumi yang mengakibatkan pencairan Es di Kutub maka terpisahlah Australia dan New Guinea.
Suku-suku yang menempati New Guinea diperkirakan lebih dari 2000 Suku, mereka hibup dengan bercocok tanam dan Nelayan. Kehidupan Harmonis di tengah Alam Papua sebelum dirusak oleh para Pendatang ini terjadi sekitar 5000 tahun yang lalu sebelum Jesus lahir hingga Abad ke 18 (±Tahun 1800an) sebelum kedatangan Penjajah. Hutan Tropis yang luas dan Buas itu ternyata melindungi dan memberi makanan kepada Penduduk Asli New Guinea bagaikan seorang Mama melindungi anak-anaknya serta menyediakan makanan yang sangat banyak di alam terbuka. Penduduk Asli Negroid Melanesia memiliki ciri-ciri berambut keriting berkulit cokelat namun akibat masuknya Rumpun Weda turunan Rumpun Mongoloid di bagian Barat serta Rumpun Micronesia di bagian Utara dan Rumpun Polynesia di bagian Timur sehingga Rambut Keriting mereka mulai berubah mirip Orang-orang India. Umumnya perkawinan campur antara Rumpun Negroid Melanesia dengan Rumpun Weda, Rumpun Micronesia dan Rumpun Polynesia terjadi di daerah Pesisir Pantai Pulau New Guinea.
Di Zaman Batu, Rumpun tercerdas yang memiliki Kapak Batu terhalus dan tajam serta sudah mampu memiliki rumah tinggal adalah Rumpun Melanesia, Kapak batu ini banyak ditemukan di tepian danau Sentani. Proses peradaban Manusia dari Zaman Arkeolog, Zaman Batu, Zaman Perunggu, Zaman Besi hingga Zaman Industri Modern mengakibatkan Manusia berlomba-lomba ingin menguasai Tanah dan Kekayaan Alam Penduduk asli di seluruh dunia. Perlombaan perampasan Tanah dan Kekayaan Alam ini melahirkan Sistem Penjajahan yang tidak manusiawi. Perebutan ini melahirkan Perang yang menghilangkan jutaan Umat Manusia, mulai dari Perang Dunia Pertama hingga Perang Dunia Kedua maupun Perang Dingin (Cold War).
Setelah terjadi Perang Dunia Kedua barulah manusia mulai sadar untuk Penghapusan Penjajahan (Decolonization) sehingga banyak Wilayah Jajahan yang masih belum Merdeka, dimasukan ke dalam daftar Wilayah Dekolonisasi PBB untuk dipersiapkan Merdeka. Dengan kata lain bahwa Status Quo Wilayah Jajahan wajib dipersiapkan untuk memiliki Pemerintahan Sendiri (Memiliki Negara Sendiri, Berdaulat, Independent, Merdeka). Proses ini diatur dalam Piagam PBB Pasal 73e sehingga masing-masing Penjajah diwajibkan untuk mendaftarkan Wilayah Jajahan mereka yang belum memiliki Pemerintahan Sendiri (Non Self Governing Territories) tersebut ke dalam Daftar Wilayah Dekolonisasi PBB (UN of Non Self Governing Territories). Proses Penjajahan ini terjadi di seluruh Dunia hingga akhirnya masuk ke wilayah New Guinea. Awalnya dimulai dengan Perdagangan Barter dan Penyebaran Agama hingga akhirnya masuk ke Pembentukan Pemerintahan. Bangsa Asing pertama yang masuk ke Wilayah New Guinea yaitu para Pedagang dari Tiongkok/China kemudian Bangsa Arab dari Baghdag, Irak yang masuk ke Pulau Tidore tahun 864 M yang kemudian mendirikan Kerajaan Tidore setelah mendamaikan para Kolano (Bhs Biak;Korano:Kepala Suku) yang saling berperang. Kerajaan Tidore dipecahkan menjadi Empat Kerajaan yaitu Kerajaan Ternate, Kerajaan Jailolo dan Kerajaan Bacan. Dari Kerajaan Bacan lahirlah Empat Kerajaan di Papua yaitu Kerajaan Batanta, Kerajaan Salawati, Kerajaan Waigeo dan Kerajaan Misol. Empat Kerajaan ini sekarang disebut sebagai Kabupaten Raja Ampat. Maka jelaslah bahwa Orang Papua pemilik Pulau Halmahera 5000 tahun lalu sebelum Yesus lahir dan masuknya Bangsa China dan Arab. Dua Kerajaan terbesar yaitu Ternate dan Tidore saling berebut maka terjadi pembagian Wilayah yang disebut Uli Lima dan Uli Siwa. Wilayah Uli Lima (Lima Bersaudara) milik Ternate yaitu Bacan,Seram,Obi, dan Ambon. Wilayah Uli Siwa (Sembilan Bersaudara) milik Tidore meliputi Halmahera, Jailolo dan Papua.[1] Berdasarkan klaim Sultan Tidore inilah yang menjadi cikal-bakal Klaim Belanda dalam Perjanjian London di Inggris tanggal 24 Agustus 1828 antara Belanda, Jerman dan Inggris yang membagi Pulau New Guinea menjadi tiga bagian. Belanda menduduki Wilayah Barat New Guinea serta menamainya Guinea Baru Belanda (Netherlands New Guinea) lalu diubah oleh Parlemen New Guinea dalam proses Dekolonisasi Netherlands New Guinea tahun 1961 menjadi Papua Barat (West Papua). Inggris dan Jerman menduduki bagian Timur New Guinea dimana Inggris menguasai bagian Selatan lalu menamainya British Papua sedangkan Jerman menguasai bagian Utara dengan menamainya German New Guinea. Namun akibat kekalahan dalam Perang Dunia I maka Wilayah German New Guinea menjadi milik Inggris dan menamainya Papua New Guinea. Setelah Perang Dunia I berakhir, Liga Bangsa Bangsa (LBB) dibentuk namun masih terus terjadi perebutan wilayah Jajahan maka muncul lagi Perang Dunia II dari 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 maka dibentuknya Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa (PBB) untuk menciptakan Perdamaian Dunia dan Pemberian Kemerdekaan bagi wilayah-wilayah Jajahan seluruh Dunia yang diatur dalam Piagam PBB Pasal 73e. Setelah berakhirnya Perang Dunia II tahun 1945, Inggris dan Belanda mendaftarkan Wilayah Koloninya (Papua New Guinea dan Netherlands New Guinea) ke dalam Daftar Wilayah Dekolonisasi PBB (UN Non Self Governing Territories) agar kedua wilayah ini dipersiapkan memiliki Pemerintahan Sendiri (Self Government), tidak berada dibawah Administrasi Penjajah. Atau kedua wilayah ini tidak lagi memiliki Status Quo (Status Hukum yang tidak Jelas) karena telah bebas dari Penjajahan manapun di muka Bumi ini. Papua New Guinea dimasukan sebagai wilayah jajahan dibawah administrasi Inggris tanggal 1 Juli 1949 dan dimemerdekakan tanggal 16 September 1975. Sedangkan Netherlands New Guinea diakui dibawah administrasi jajahan Belanda tanggal 29 Desember 1949 melalui Perjanjian dalam Konferensi Meja Bundar (KMB) di Den Haag. Netherlands New Guinea secara resmi dimasukan ke Daftar Dekolonisasi PBB pada 12 Desember 1950 melalui Resolusi PBB No. 448. Netherlands New Guinea dimemerdekakan Belanda tanggal 1 Desember 1961 namun akibat konspirasi Penguasaan Tambang Logam-logam berharga yang menyebabkan Status Quo West Papua tetap dipertahankan Penjajah Indonesia.[2]
Proses Dekolonisasi ini gagal dan Status QuoWest Papua dilanjutkan Penjajah Indonesia karena kepentingan Bussinesman Amerika yang ingin menguasai Gunung Logam di Ersberg, Grasberg dan Gunung Biji Timur. Maka Belanda harus menyerahkan Administrasi Jajahannya itu kepada Penjajah Baru yaitu Republik Indonesia. Walaupun klaim mereka yaitu Uti Possidetis selalu gagal di PBB sejak tahun 1950 – 1959 namun akibat adanya eksplorasi Gunung Logam yang mengandung lebih dari 100 jenis logam berharga inilah yang membuat Status QuoWest Papua dipertahankan oleh Republik Indonesia sejak 1 Mei 1963 melalui bantuan intervensi Amerika Serikat.[3]
[1] Ahmat. 2017. Sejarah Kerajaan Tidore Ternate Beserta Peninggalannya. http://sejarahlengkap.com/indonesia/kerajaan/sejarah-kerajaan-tidore
[2] UN General Assembly Resolution 448 V.1950. Development of Self-Government In Non-Self-Governing Territories. UN Headquarter New York. United Nations Fourth Committee.
State-owned mining holding company Indonesia Asahan Aluminum on Thursday signed an agreement with Freeport-McMoRan that will see it take control of the U.S. miner’s local unit for $3.85 billion.
The deal includes Australian miner Rio Tinto’s participating interest in Freeport Indonesia’s operations at the Grasberg mine in Papua province, one of the world’s largest gold and copper pits.
Freeport McMoran Company made biggest hall in West Papua. Download from Google Immage
Rio’s interest will be converted into shares of Freeport Indonesia, allowing Indonesia Asahan Aluminum, known as Inalum, to increase its stake in the unit from 9.36% to 51%.
“With the signing of the heads of agreement, the partnership between [Freeport-McMoRan] and Inalum is expected to increase the quality and added value of the extractive industry in the future, and improve the welfare of the Indonesian public, not for indigenous peoples of the Papuans.
